Methods for identification and verification

X-Ray Fluorescence Analysis (XRF) is a nondestructive physical method used for chemical elemental analysis of materials in the solid or liquid state. The specimen is irradiated by photons or charged particles of sufficient energy to cause its elements to emit (fluoresce) their characteristic x-ray line spectra.The detection system allows determining energies of the emission lines and their intensities. Elements in a specimen are identified by their spectral line energies or wavelengths for qualitative analysis, and intensities are related to concentrations of elements providing opportunity for quantitative analysis. Computers are widely used in this field, both for automated data collection and for reducing the x-ray data to weight-percent and atomic-percent chemical composition or area-related mass. Email:marketing@medicilon.com.cn web:www.medicilon.com

An apparatus and method in which one or more taggants that are intrinsically located—or extrinsically placed—in an article or product, such as carpet. The taggants are detected by x-ray fluorescence analysis to identify or verify the article or its point of manufacture. The taggants are manufactured as part of the article or the taggant is placed into a coating, label, or otherwise embedded within the article for the purpose of later verifying the presence or absence of these elements by x-ray fluorescence, thus determining the unique elemental composition of the taggant within the article.

The present invention generally relates to apparatus and methods for identification and verification. More particularly, the present invention relates to apparatus and methods for detecting an element or compound intrinsically present—or extrinsically added—in an article or product by using X-ray fluorescence to identify and verify that article or product. Even more particularly, the present invention related to apparatus and methods for controlling the quality of a manufacturing process and the resulting product by using XRF analysis.

There has been significant interest in apparatus and methods for identifying and verifying various articles or products such as explosives, ammunition, paint, petroleum products, and documents. Known methods used to identify and verify generally involve adding and detecting materials like code-bearing microparticles, bulk chemical substances, and radioactive substances. Other methods used for identifying and verifying articles include those described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,030,657, 6,024,200, 6,007,744, 6,005,915, 5,849,590, 5,760,394, 5,677,187, 5,474,937, 5,301,044, 5,208,630, 5,057,268, 4,862,143, 4,390,452, 4,363,965, and 4,045,676, as well as European Patent Application Nos. 0911626 and 0911627, the disclosures of which are incorporated herein by reference.

It is also known to apply materials to articles in order to track, for example, point of origin, authenticity, and their distribution. In one method, inks which are transparent in visible light are sometimes applied to materials and the presence (or absence) of the ink is revealed by ultraviolet or infrared fluorescence. Other methods include implanting microscopic additives which can be detected optically. However, detecting these materials is primarily based on optical or photometric measurements.

Unfortunately, many of the apparatus and methods for identifying and verifying articles using such materials (called taggants) are unsatisfactory for several reasons. First, they are often difficult and time-consuming. In many instances, a sample of the article must be sent to an off-site laboratory for analysis. In other instances, the apparatus are often expensive, large, and difficult to operate. In yet other instances, the taggant used is radioactive, causing serious health concerns.

The known apparatus and methods for identification and verification are also unsatisfactory because they require a “line-of-sight” analysis method. This line of sight requirement entails that the apparatus must be able to “see” the taggant in order to detect it. This can be detracting when it would be desirable to detect the taggant without having to see the taggant, e.g., such as when the taggant is located in the middle of large package with packaging and labels “covering” the taggant.

The present invention provides an apparatus and method in which one or more taggants that are intrinsically located—or extrinsically placed—in an article or product are detected by x-ray fluorescence analysis to identify or verify the article or its point of manufacture. The taggants are manufactured as part of the article or the taggant is placed into a coating, packaging, label, or otherwise embedded within the article for the purpose of later verifying the presence or absence of these elements by x-ray fluorescence to determine the unique elemental composition of the taggant within these articles.

By using x-ray fluorescence analysis, the apparatus and methods of the present invention are simple and easy to use, as well as provide detection by a non line-of-sight method to establish the origin of materials, point of manufacture, authenticity, verification, or product security. The present invention is extremely advantageous because it is difficult to replicate, simulate, alter, transpose, or tamper. Further, it is easily recognizable by a user in either overt or covert form, verifiable by a manufacturer or issuer, and is easily applicable to various forms of media in the articles.

The following description provides specific details in order to provide a thorough understanding of the present invention. The skilled artisan would understand, however, that the present invention can be practiced without employing these specific details. Indeed, the present invention can be practiced by modifying the illustrated apparatus and method and can be used in conjunction with apparatus and techniques conventionally used in the industry. For example, the present invention is described with respect to a manufacturing process for making carpets. But a skilled artisan could easily adapt the present invention for other manufacturing processes and other products, such as plastic materials.

The present invention uses x-ray fluorescence analysis to detect at least one taggant which is intrinsically or extrinsically present in the material of a product or article. With x-ray fluorescence (XRF) analysis, x-rays produced from electron shifts in the inner shell(s) of atoms of the taggants and, therefore, are not affected by the form (chemical bonding) of the article being analyzed. The x-rays emitted from each element bear a specific and unique spectral signature, allowing one to determine whether that specific taggant is present in the product or article.